Anatomy/Positioning of the Forearm, Elbow and Humerus
Unit Objectives - Forearm, Elbow and Humerus
At the completion of this unit, the student will be able to:
- Identify on both drawings and radiographs all anatomy of the forearm, elbow and humerus.
- Identify and list the classification of all joints associated with the above listed anatomical parts.
- List all basic/routinely performed projections, IR sizes and CR locations for the forearm, elbow and humerus.
- Know the conversion factors for radiographing a dry-casted versus a wet-casted extremity.
- Position on a model all specified radiographic projections pertaining to the forearm, elbow and humerus.
- Understand the importance of supinating the hand for an AP projection of the forearm.
- Understand the importance of flexing the elbow 90 degrees for a lateral projection of the forearm, elbow and humerus.
- Describe the positions of the elbow which would best demonstrate the below listed anatomy:
- coronoid process seen in profile
- olecranon process seen within the olecranon fossa
- radial head and tuberosity
- olecranon process in profile
- Describe the basic projections and the anatomy best demonstrated which should be taken for a partially flexed elbow.
- List the two degrees of CR angulation which should be used when demonstration of either the distal humerus or proximal forearm is necessary and the patient’s elbow is in complete flexion.
- List the number and type of projections needed to demonstrate the entire circumference of the radial head.
- Describe two methods which can be used to demonstrate a lateral projection of the humerus.
- Understand the significance of the position of the epicondyles when determining whether the humerus is in an A.P. or a lateral presentation.
- List the projections which would be taken for a fractured/immobilized humerus.
- List the protocol for utilizing the transthoracic lateral projection of the humerus.
Link to Video - Anatomy Teacher on Humerus, Forearm, & Hand http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qct2mCccCNc&feature=related
Link to Video - Acland's Video Atlas of Human Anatomy: Elbow http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NM80_gTlslU&feature=related
Link to Video - Positioning of the Forearm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zhq52TV1ndY&feature=related
Link to Video - Positioning of the Elbow (AP and Lateral) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_CSqmqy4p8
Link to Video - Positioning of the Humerus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq4u_tspa-A
Unit - Anatomy/Positioning of the Shoulder, Scapula and Clavicle
Unit Objectives: Anatomy and Positioning of the Shoulder, Scapula and Clavicle
At the completion of this unit, the student will be able to:
- Identify on both drawings and radiographs all anatomical structures associated with the shoulder girdle.
- Describe the relative positions or locations of prominent anatomical structures involving the shoulder girdle.
- Identify/list the joint types and classifications for the shoulder joint and acromioclavicular joint.
- Determine what anatomical structures are best demonstrated in each of the AP projections
- of the shoulder – AP Internal, AP External and AP Neutral.
- List the central ray locations for AP projections of the shoulder.
- Understand the significance of the positioning of the patient’s hand for AP projections of the shoulder.
- Determine which position of the hand will place the shoulder in a true AP, or anatomic , position.
- Determine when a transthoracic lateral position (Lawrence Method) would be used in radiographing the shoulder girdle.
- Describe the inferosuperior axial position of the shoulder, noting the placement of the film, the part positioning,
- the tube placement and the central ray location.
- Describe the patient positioning for the inferosuperior axial position: West Point Method.
- List the central ray angulation that is used for the West Point Method.
- Describe the patient positioning, part positioning and CR entrance point for a properly positioned Scapular Y position.
- List the type of pathology that the scapular Y position best demonstrates.
- Describe the patient positioning, part positioning and central ray entrance point for a properly positioned Grashey Method Examination.
- List the anatomical structure that is best demonstrated using the Grashey Method.
- List the methods that are used to radiograph the insertion points of the teres minor and subscapularis muscle insertions.
- Describe the patient positioning, part positioning and central ray entrance point for a properly performed Pearson Method, demonstrating the AC articulations.
- Determine when AP axial and lateral positions (Alexander Method) of the AC joints would be utilized.
- List the central ray angulation and entrance point that is used for the Alexander Method.
- Describe the patient positioning, part positioning and central ray entrance point for a properly positioned examination of the clavicle, in both an AP and PA presentation.
- Describe the patient positioning, part positioning and central ray entrance point for a properly positioned examination of the scapula.
- Determine what anatomical structure is best demonstrated when the Laquerriere-Pierquin Method is used.
Link to Video - Scapula and Clavicle - Shoulder Girdle - Anatomy Tutorial http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bneylG3w10
Link to Video - Positioning Shoulder, Scapula and Clavicle http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7hsLgnEar4&feature=related
Link to Video - Positioning: Y View Shoulder http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSE_xIUQF6o&feature=related
Link to Video - Positioning: Axial Shoulder (Inferosuperior) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVIDfATvMK8&feature=related
Link to Video - Positioning: Superoinferior Axial Shoulder http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u88CnlWm9WU&feature=related
Link to Video - Radiographic Anatomy: Y-View Shoulder http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzgrd1j46uo&feature=related